X-ray crystal structures of ErbB extracellular regions in different activation states have led to a significant advance in our understanding of how receptor dimerization and activation is promoted by growth factor binding (6). Receptor dimerization is necessary for activation, as it brings the two tyrosine kinase domains into close proximity, allowing them to cross-phosphorylate each other on tyrosines in their activation loops 2,19. Dimerization plays a critical role in the regulation of another family of transmembrane proteins, the receptor tyrosine kinases. Specifically, ligand binding to the extracellular domain allows the intracellular kinase domain to dimerize and cross-phosphorylate at regulatory sites, leading to activation of the intracellular kinase domain. Although no heparin analog was included in the crystallization conditions, the FGF2–FGFR1 complex forms a noncrystallographic 2-fold dimer. This dimeric structure reveals the mechanism by which FGF and heparin cooperate to promote FGFR dimerization and activation. Dimerization activates the cytoplasmic domains by an autophosphorylation in which the kinase activity of each monomer phosphorylates the other monomer. A key question in the concept of how a signal is transduced across a membrane is how binding of the ligand to the extracellular domain activates the catalytic domain in the cytoplasm.

VOCALOID 2 HATSUNE MIKU, 61563 records found, first 100 of them are:

A description of tropes appearing in Hatsune Miku. As a Vocaloid program in Crypton Future Media's 'Character Vocal' series. She the first Japanese vocal for the VOCALOID2 engine, she also was the first to. Arc Number: 39 (mi-ku).